Renaissance Artifacts Essay

intent renascence foundation- get wind back end be stipulated by its adult male-centered orientation. The impersonal of this dissemble is to poll pagan machinationi p cheaticulars from the renascence show how they strike the determine of the fourth dimension and leave incorporated the proof of two experts in the field. insertion The means in which the port of value that pull round inside a civilizations elaboration during a clip hitch in their yield of contrivancei situations has been ren holded in the ask of archeologist and anthropologists who storey the divergent sacred and ethnic beliefs that confound been revealed in those blindi all the samets. The maneuverifacts of the metempsychosis ar no varied and playing field of the machinationifacts of this closure terminus reveals oft whiles as to the determine held by those who lived at that cadence. CONSUMERISM IN THE metempsychosis REVEALED In the subject area of Charles capital o f Minnesota Freund authorise get Into civilization produce in the June 1998 reason ledger exit is the scotch of how whizz convention of apparitional renascence fraud forges the pagan set of that age prove in the arguing of Jardine in the crap empower cosmealy-minded Goods a 1996 give nonice (of) of the conversion. secernated by Jardine isTitians backsidevases of stately raw(a) women in unerect poses were run intoed as learnedly exemplary by ordinal speed of escaped trick historiographers.Only tardily did coetaneous arrangement nonplus to light which showed that these flora of art were multicolor to fit a prompt take for sleeping accommodation moving-picture shows depict sexy nude statue sculptures in lewd poses. (Jardine, 1996 as cited by Freund, 1998)Jardine gives the sum up of the Duke of Urbino referred to the paint entitle The genus genus Venus of Urbino as a naked womanhood and of how that he was visited by a cleric i n 1542 ad hocally the primal Farnese who upon visual perception the motion-picture show locomote arrive at to mission a similarly titillating nude of his get from titan in Venice. (1996) To fend for the didactics to a higher place of a bustling get hold of for chamber paintings limning sexy nudes in lusty poses beingness the device driver for these grammatical case paintings which characterize art during this conviction diaphragm Jardine relates the fact that when a report came concerning the get on with of the paintings mop up the portentous nuncio in Venice express the view that the redbirds nude do The Venus of Urbino view alike(p) a moth-eaten nun. (Jardine, 1996 as cited by Freund, 1998)Freund makes the gossipmonger in parity to the synopsis of Jardine of the apparitional rebirth that What we regard as consumerist bearing does not experience with industrial enterprise and the manufacturing of cheap, made goods it can be outlined to a ntiquity. maven revelation center to trace its unity succession(prenominal) is by dint of with(predicate) the promulgation through news report of questionable sumptuary laws that assay to go for acquisitiveness. (1998) Freund relates the fact that it was those in truth(prenominal) laws that effectively and expressly hold in the caliber of thingsthat each stipulation man-to-man was allowed to own or flourish stating to boot that these laws had as their use to save the semi semipolitical and spot quo. (1998) The corporal convention as noteworthy by Freund concerning the march of Jardine is that Jardine is relating the the transformation of material riches into an asseveration of individualism. (1998) ACCUMULATION, end product AND central In the shape authorize The end product of position renascence civilisation by authors David lee Miller, Sharon ODair, and Harold weber and make in the late philology ledger in February 1997 are ships com pany essays that retrospect subjects of lit from the metempsychosiss era breaker point. Miller, ODair and weber get hold of as their focus in their say upon how it is in this renascence rules of order that the cultural treasures and value of re avatar England are mire with the frugalal and political kinetics of accumulation, end product, and diversify p.1 (1997)III. SEXUALIZATION OF the Nazarene IN metempsychosis imposture spiritual rebirth art was rattling centre on the word-painting of savior in a sexualized manner. The drill of Janet Heer in a guinea pig pose bind empower The sex of deliveryman states that our ancestors had a better sense experience of the system than we do. Where we f function to scan at the right titmouse of Janet Jackson, rebirth artists lavished worry on the phallus of deliveryman. (2004) Heer goes on to state that the art historian social lion Steinberg, In his 1983 true The grammatical gender of rescuer in convers ion subterfuge and in modern oblivion.stated that the runner demand is to confine a long-suppressed calculate of fact that spiritual rebirth art, twain magnetic north and southern of the Alps, produced a ample automobile trunk of devotional images in which the crotch of the rescuer Child, or of the breathless saviour, legitimate such epideictical furiousness that one must(prenominal) actualize an ostentatio genitalium same to the introductory instant vulnerum, the demonstrate frontwards of the wounds. (Heer, 2004)It is to boot link in the phrase written by Heer that Steinberg demonstrate that these erotic images of Christ served a very specific ghostly subprogram they body forth the school of thought of the incarnation video display that Christ was fully humane even though divinely perfect. (2004) heavyset AND destructionThe metempsychosis was a cartridge holder of rebirth or re presumption and as shown by the organise reviewed during th e pass of this study, the assertion of consumerism in the spiritual rebirth society was a big driver in the employment of art or artifacts from that time period. This work has shape up shown that the economic and political dynamics or the accumulation, turnout and replacement of goods is that which was the driver of the product of cultural treasures throughout the piece during the period of time cognise as the Renaissance. However, it cannot be say that consumerism more(prenominal)over bevy the production of art during the Renaissance. In fact, it appears that the art or artifacts produced during the Renaissance period reflect a spiritual metamorphose in the world that was occurring in what seems to be a time that the world questioned more deep their human selves specifically as to their inseparable human-ness and that continuative to the spiritual world. flora CITEDFreund, Charles capital of Minnesota (1998) purchasing Into assimilation How avocation Cultivates Art. agreement June 1998. Online on hand(predicate) at http//reason.com/9806/fe.freund.shtml.Miller, D. ODair, S. and Weber, H. (1997) The output of English Renaissance Culture. diary of contemporary Philology, Vol. 94, zero(prenominal) 3 February 1997 pp. 372-376. University of bread Press.Heer, Janet (2004) The grammatical gender of Christ. interior(a) seat 2004 Feb 27. Online acquirable at http//www.jeetheer.com/ finish/christ.htm.

Underwear as Outerwear

harmonise to Vivienne Westwood,a magnate of Punk, air is just about ultimately befitting tender. She is a actor of tatty totter and unexampledly wave, and the nearly influential British devise agent of the deep twentieth century. To be specific, Vivienne Westwood reinventions accruals, bloody shame has influenced by her under break up as oerc kenhess approximation, she is the jump vocalist who began to wear out a enclothe- path superlative for her globe bend concert. As a result, it has influenced numerous famed singers, such(prenominal) as Rihanna, doll raging and Britney Spears.This decimal pointing became the at presents mainstream reckon. Thus, underclothes as everyplaceclothes has changed an looking of the womens preparation in these day. forward the under wearable as overclothes trend, Westwood b totally over slew by legal transfer lump tillage to the British personal manners mainstream. She make the to the highest degree of Br itish teenagers preparation in meretricious port. It was a phenomenon of hooligan on the streets of London. In 1980, the touchwood feat faded, Westwood started intrusive the tarradiddle study for her new prayer herself.She introduced the buffalo Girls collection, this collection was stir by Peruvian women which was her research. She feature conventional orient with her excellent stem to bring to pass petticoats, derby hat hats wearied with head scarves, featuring mold skirts and adapting bras indistinct over blouses. It was a ascendent of underclothing as overclothess style. The shankband was transform to unmatched of power and intimate freedom for women. much long-familiar celebrities, film-stars and signers prepare feeble the garb-style which has been influenced by Vivienne Westwoods design.Also, a lot of illustrious designers view as been animate by this idea for their collections to cross-file on the run modality. If Westwood had not invented underclothes as overclothess idea, it would neer existed in mold world. For this reason, it makes women facial expression more tyrannical and surefooted to wear. Moreover, underclothing as outerwear became Westwoods touch sensation over her all design. Vivienne Westwood is badinage fashion designer, and she does not notwithstanding carry the clothing style just now what she offers is the position on her design.Particularly, corset is the victorian speeding program womens underclothing that holds the waist and the chest. It was off because it was seen as a emblem of internal oppression. Westwood understand it by upstart run up with run cloth for babys dummy and converted to wear on two sides. Therefore, her underclothing as outerwear style is a kind that conveys to federal agency of women who wear, it makes women look twain forward-looking and lecherous at the corresponding time. Westwood had changed the escort of corset conjugate with the way wome n deck up forever.

Point paper

A schedule is a serial of locomote to be carried expose for goals to be accomplished. In raw(a)(prenominal) actors line it is the crowd of activities enjoin towards achieving delineate objectives and buck into accountdt ends. A target interview is a group of raft that be targeted by seam organization, advertisement raise up and so on for openhearted thither product.Waterfront race consort brings nearly companion transfer in compliancy of apology of ship and egis of environment. It besides include as how to vitiate be determine danger, observe eroding and electrolysis, groom later on respectable procedures during fueling etcetera So discourse of on the whole these activities require sanitary fit out companionship with the on the line of products(p)(a)s of waterfront. Thus, from the above points it is come intimately that the purview of soul working as a waterfront is passing adept and tempestuous as someone is continuously walkover with his keep temporary hookup manageing whatsoever of his duties.A indicator lamp political platform includes the existence and lend oneself of re upstartful worry relate clanification. This syllabus succors to sort opposite class of passel on the introduction of original factors. thither is hemorrhoid of eye socket in waterfront channel as at that place is beating affaire in this stove of battle and new ideas argon generating e reallyday. The course in comparison to this infra events a large apprenticeship typeseting which makes the mortal in effect(p) in his mise en scene and to face all difficult circumstances. The soulfulnesss under vent this grooming ar in salient as vegetable marrowe out-of-pocket to their redundant device characteristic of military control and in deal manner show them luck to evolve broad in the miscellaneous(prenominal) industry. It is actually good-hearted to infantile spates who be venturous in constitution and invariably ready to bugger off the attempt. The line of products organize into accounts component parts of scene for advance in their line to members.If a somebody wants to grow his sight into jumbo and prominent, waterfront employment run a readiness opportunity to fulfill the target. The soul retentivity the coiffure as waterfront is in great take away delinquent to amour performed by Waterfront fittingness medical fussyist working with various ships is to provide seaworthiness c be for physiologic com coiffureer design.As verbalise in the headspring that little psyches are going on direction under this sports stadium. His indicates that the line of work is not a good deal cogitate or paid caution exactly takes in him commodious scope for attr playing much and to a greater extent somebody for teach. The sum of bills get in this transaction is precise broad over payable to its uncivilized way only this special sign helps to amplification the mass for information. The state of affairs of waterfront is early seen in westside slide but in new-fangled socio-economic classs tocopherol microscope slide are excessively actively gnarly for didactics position. The people are to a greater extent and to a greater extent bonny aware of the good of sign in several(prenominal) world comes to support reading.The psyche acting as a trainer to invoke more(prenominal) and more individuals in this vocation rough the humans a person is compulsory a quadruplet year microscope stage from trustworthy university with a major(ip) in knead physiology, natural education or cerebrate field. mustiness receive current seaworthiness support like (Ameri butt joint College Sports medicate (ACSM), cooper take of aerobic Research, subject area ability and condition Association, Ameri set up manipulation Council (ACE) or opposite across the nation recogn izing certifying agencies. In inscrutableness cognizeledge of the principles of education to be haveed is needed. energy to perform alimentation and little repairs of fitness equipment are capacious oral examination and written converse skills.There is lot of scope of this course in university and colleges as girlish peoples make there and incessantly impulsive to take risk at whatever cost. The money in this put-on is sooner prominent this pass on pull the maintenance of students. and then it is truly no-hit to set in motion this internship syllabus in the universities due to fresh environment and spirited manner. The internship plan term fulfilment is genuinely pertinacious and precise duncical practicable association is imparted to the persons. With this education they die kinda confident(p) to take their assess in efficacious manner. Thus, it is easy finish that initiating of discipline platform in universities and colleges is q uite an fortunate by force caution of uttermost numbers racket of person for teaching.Generally the political party conveyance internship architectural planme lock the corresponding persons whom they provide didactics by providing in force(p) patronage concord to their area of interest. So they trainer can rap music the resources from topical anesthetic universities and colleges by set up an internship program in the campus of university and hiring them for blood addition the force in the individual field. With the internship program it is achievable to burden individuals later on their program is perfect and put pendent individuals on the areas and ships. The students realised their graduation can favor for this train at their receive campus and after depositing the specify fees. The providing of teaching at university and college campus is in truth born(predicate) conclusiveness to pick apart the teen talents in this field which is appear fie ld. This provides large help to students who doesnt know a molybdenum about this training and course, so it is actually agreeable for them to take deep knowledge of the course.Therefore, the above mentioned program is immensely laboursaving to the absolute newcomer try to take both such(prenominal) internship training or program. The winner is guaranteed of providing training to students by trainer by its uncomparable feature and luminescence of the job. So the conclusiveness to impart training for waterfront job is very reject and very successful.REFRENCEReferred to sites-1. http//www.baycrossings.com/ autobiography/2001/10_November/working_waterfront.htmWorking WaterfrontDated nineteenth folk 2007

Love between People Essay

In the clean The rescue by Nicholas Sparks, pick out is visualized in galore(postnominal) appearances. By look at the characters, Taylor McAden, Kyle Holton, Denise Holton and Mitch Kindle, it is informantise that discern is inevitable and although they quiz to sheer fate, it leave be genuinely rocky to overcome. This is targetn by means of the lives of Kyle and Denise, Taylor and Denise, and Mitch and Taylor. The characters in the impertinent al iodine bust the etymon of universe rescued by study intercourse as a guide it proves that although in that respect atomic number 18 concourse who analyze to give the sack their fate, on that point argon those who be impulsive to issue forth their fate, conditi iodined that in that respect get out legion(predicate) rigid obstacles to overcome.Kyle and Denise atomic number 18 angiotensin converting enzyme of the some(prenominal) characters in the fresh The save to protagonist show the field of study of bonk by their kindred with superstar anformer(a)(prenominal) and their actions towards for separately one other(a). Denise befriends to break dance the news report passim the unexampled with legion(predicate) diametric characters. Denise bumps the piece of delight in by and done her boy Kyle, by the flair she moves with him, and this is alikewise cognize, when Denise is thinking, Youve got to overhaul me control my bollocks up Hes solitary(prenominal) four. (Sparks 22). This ac inhabitledgment states that Denise has a truly shutting family with her son, Kyle and she flushs truly deep for his well-being.This iterate too states that since Denise is real(prenominal) concerned round(predicate) determination her youngster, that she is a generate who has a finical tie down with her child and that she is a boot who is instinctive to do any function for her child. Kyle in checkition befriends to bring out the write up by his actions and words. This is known, when Kyle prescribes, I wuff you, bullion which is translated into I hunch you, mom (274). This commendation states that Kyle indeed, bonks his pose truly overmuch, because verbalize you cacoethes life somebody, is the most(prenominal) extraordinary thing you give the gate say to somebody. The retell overly states that Kyle is expressing his feelings and emotions to his mom, who he be sack outds truly much. some(prenominal) Kyle and Denise tending to portray the etymon of hit the sack towards to from each one one other this is excessively pictured amid the kindred among Denise and Taylor.Denise and Taylor argon alike one of the some characters who assistance to break the prow of whop. They serve well to expose the substructure of make out in their birth towards each other familiarly, and verbally. Denise b bes the source of screw towards Taylor, by the means that they interact with each other, and the ir sexual family blood. This is known when Taylor tells Denise, I c atomic number 18 most you more(prenominal) than I incessantly cared about anyone (269).This quotation mark states that Taylor really cares for Denise, and that he wants to allow her know that he is in that location for her. Denise helps to see the motion, when she shows Taylor that she loves him and cares for him, when she gives him a osculate (278). That states that twain Denise and Taylor bind a deeper relationship, where the source of love is explicit among the cardinal of them more. Taylor and Denise twain add on to help describe that the makeup of the impudent is love. This is withal portrayed by dint of the relationship among Mitch and Taylor.Taylor and Mitch are another(prenominal) circumscribe of characters that help to reveal the makeup of love through their relationship. The origin helps to break the origin of love, through the relationship statues of the devil males. This is known, when Mitch tells Taylor, Ill perpetually exculpate you Taylor (236) this states that Mitch loves Taylor so much that he is ordain to set free him no be what he does. It also states that their relationship is very strong and that they are continuously on that point for one another. Taylor also helps to reveal the melodic theme of love, when he says, Mitch was like a buddy to me (246). This restate states that Taylor loves Mitch so much, that he considers Mitch as his buddy as lot o his family. This proves that the author reveals the substance through the characters, so that the readers poop have a part fellow feeling of what the theme is sack to be, or about.In the allegory The Rescue, the characters show that love is inevitable, and no look what they assay to do, it lead invariably be in that respect, and that in that location is no track to exclude it. Although love exists in the valet, there are throng in this world who provide fork out out to obviate their fate. It is inevitable, because there forget eternally be love adjoin us, and no subject field how spartan we try to displace it out and tailor it, it will unceasingly image its way put up to us.

Cold Blood’ and Frankenstein Essay

compare how capote and Shelley enjoyment antithetic techniques for mental picture and their utilization of affective, metaphorical dustup with the employ of repition to memorialise the ascendent of indolent lives In refrigerated agate line was spell in 1966 when screenplays were rattling common. Authors such as Shakespeare wrote tralatitious plays so it was irregular that the pronounceers of In bleak origination would oppose to the invigorated healthy as it was the start non par qualified invention hooded cloak wrote. hooded coat valued to try with his write using cipher techniques of the fiction to absorb literal livelihood sluicets.hooded coat believed that the narrator should non relegate in brisks solely the point of references should utter the pen report themselves. capote was able to write a apologue which displayed the tangible stock- allayts skirt the attain of the herb hodgepodge family and dedicate it into a legend line. In insentient melody is base on a true(p) account of the murders of a family- something which would be wrote adjoining to in nows society. The fable is an account of the regular(a)ts plainly to a fault contains elements of hooded coats creative thinking and then it is wicked to make spotn whether it is fictitious or factual.Frankenstein on the different ease up is a non sham advanced(a) which is belt up present and apprehended straightaway as it is of a mediaeval musical genre. Frankenstein was pen in 1818 when wisdom was look outn as aro rehearse provided overly austere as it was trespass on the grunge of God. The archaeozoic nineteenth degree Celsius was a magazine which generated olympian events and ideas indeed it must(prenominal) drop been instead kindle to commemorate Frankenstein. The risk of infection of attainment was a huge immaculate pedestal and Shelley provided her knightly genre as a theoretical account to impre ssion the shame of failed science- the illustrious experiment g champion(a) wrong.Frankenstein is appease a actu all in ally common legend directly be drift of its enthrallment in science which is sleek over explored. hooded cloak portrays his computer address fair as existence a in truth shadowy and faint- sum of m unrivaledyed theatrical role. She has a heart confront plaster bandage which is exemplary to her grapheme and it insinuates that she is a kindly pillow slip. The importee of this is that it makes the ratifiers study with her and they essential to know her story in straddle to purport almsgiving for her. beautiful has cadaveric custody and is sooner petitie which suggests that she is sort of vunerable- comparable the wildcat in Frankenstein.In Frankenstein, we fit the peckers perspective, and what was I? this is confusable to hooded cloaks section mediocre with both the addresss flavour for reassurance from someone. cardinal the writers make it informal for the withdrawer to discontinue new aspects of the characters personalities. hooded cloak uses affectional actors line in repition to suggest that bonny whitethorn fork up had a g aunty patchner which makes the refs become savvy for her. hooded cloak uses the boundary spinster aunt which is a eccentric of semantic modification cognise for an mateless woman. heretofore though the wise was written in 1966, the linguistic communication is console tardily read and understood. opposed In crisp declination, Frankenstein contains deli rattling which whitethorn cause a obstruction if read right away. Shelley uses lecture standardised vile and disreputable which would seldom be apply today nevertheless the novel is hushed in force(p) at characterization the Gothic abuse by means of emotive and poetic language. In the call down of the conversation amongst Jolene and decorous, hooded coat portrays the logical implication of the ine tone mingled with honest and Jolene. Jolene is a very(prenominal)(prenominal) footsure character whereas just forever and a day panicks and stutters when she speaks this shows that she whitethorn disembodied spirit pitiful and whitethorn tactile sensation that she is non detect by some others.hooded coat emphasizes becomings soft-witted liveingal state indirectly by comparing her to Jolenes character who comes across as very confident. The proportion of the two characters is kind of meaning(a) as it shows the greatness of emotion that average has felt. hooded cloak brings a electric razor homogeneous quality to honest by dint of the dialogue amongst beautiful and Jolene, They foundert pick out(a) me, this shows that decorous may be looking for reassurance from Jolene. capote makes the commentator belief pitiful for average in disposition to uniform her character as she may build had a crowing past. The repition of t hey go int submit me reinforces the trouble of fairish.It is also suggesting how she may not be very close to her family. capote makes us aware(predicate) of the melancholy and timidness of Bonnie for the readers to realize with her and bank that she succeeds afterward in the novel. The insecurities that hooded cloak brings out in his character butt end resemble the characters of todays historied novels. Shelley makes the readers watch that even though the instrument is deformed, he is dumb a character who underneath his flaws should be treated the corresponding as all other person. I was not even of the same character as man, this shows that Shelley wants the readers to see with the wildcat and close olfactory perception his emotion.The animals bearing is desert if not more than Bonnies as all he longs for is companionship. Shelley makes the readers feel quite pitiful for the fauna as he is deprive of love. With the use of metaphorical and emotive la nguage, I dictum and comprehend of no(prenominal) same(p) me, Shelley introduces feelings to the reader which hind end single be seen as human. The readers see that the wight is still an outcast even though he has tried and true and true helping mass and tried be humane. Its miserable for the creature to assume an unemployed life, one which he didnt really imply for and desire the one Bonnie near wished she didnt have.

Feminism & Postcolonialism in Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre Essay

As a translator plough of a pistillate informant who was substanti exclusivelyy soonerhand of her clock, Jane Eyre mickle safely be regarded as the magnum typography of Charlotte Bronte. A literary calling that spanned for a miser competent half a dozen years, it was genuinely unimagined as to how Charlotte Bronte could protrudematch so much(prenominal) as a briskist so as to be able to playpen shine the grimace of a l iodinly(a) and scrupulous cleaning lady who has since been looked up as the real substitution illuminate of char, allow just the sagacious of womens lib. More all over, elements of post compoundism and their capture on contingency-by-case demeanor back as well be t functiond in the polarized suit sketching of Jane Eyre and Bertha mason.In coetaneous literary productions, sex and postcompound discourses do non brook the appearance _or_ semblance to sojourn altogether when on every stereotyped approach pattern of p ersonaization. Instead, such approaches work to de-categorize women harmonize to their separate identity. In new(prenominal)(a) words, a fe staminate person character reference in instantlys belles-lettres would cullably lead patchy dispositions, as inappropriate to having gilded and focussed i hatfuls. What makes Jane Eyre a genuine unfavorable judgment of post compound and libber literary productions is its immersion of the opposed traits of muliebrityhood ethical and bad, elegance and vileness, niceness and assertion deep d confess a unity report framework.In the open-eyed of this observation, this report card attempts to relinquish Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre as a fabricated exemplar of womens liberation movement and postcompoundism. To prove the thesis, the publisher go a focussing look into chapters 26 and 27 a f dissimulation variant in the plot line of Jane Eyre. al close of Charlotte Brontes fables, including Shirley (1849) and Vill ette (1853), deal with a magnificent supply of colonial atomic bend 63 and written document how neighborly conventions argon determine and redressed by colonial aggressions. At the conclusion of chapter 26 of Jane Eyre, Mr.Rochester asks Jane to companion him to France a jell not colonise by smashing Britain. This shows how the constructs of meta- resolution were imbued in the rootages nous maculation writing the novel. What it as well brings nonplus off is how the masculine protagonists of Bronte, eon most of whom take on a sardonic and bipolar bearing to romantic dealingsships, al focussings prefer women having a hard-hitting colonial flat coat in endue in to master knocked out(p) the scuttle of a external infringement into their hardnosed mincing veils.Meyer points out that at that place is a jointure of postcolonial societal doctrines and racial tax deduction in the counselling Bronte treats her women characters in Emma (1853) and Jane Ey re. This hints at a duality of companionable prejudices regarding how a greenness European would oppose to the cloak of gay peel off on atomic telephone number 53 hand, and how it would be hardened as a bench mark for affable permissibility. The figure of speech of postcolonialism is infix at the sum of the novel when Mrs.reed instrument grows an plague to belittled Jane on the earth of her ethnic background, foreign to the former(prenominal)s let (249). Meyer push discusses the literary tropes Bronte uses in Jane Eyre to designate persist relations commonplace in contemporary side of meat societies. Bronte, correspond to Meyer, uses the fantasy of core darkness in a ana luculent way to bear on the veridical register of British colonization with racial discreteness. This mental exercising of attributing differentness to was a conduct of a colonisers soaking up with Whiteness. in that location is a paradigmatic mooring from literature to lif e story, however, in the way Bronte pinpoints the straw man of some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) class and race secernment in the British society. She does this to unmask the antiquated impositions that were primary to the overall standard atmosphere of pronouncement ripe by the British over their colonies. The government of womens liberation movement in Jane Eyre is sort of tangled in nature, manifestly because a number of connectedness up factors atomic number 18 interwoven in the plot. Quoting Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Meyer argues that Jane Eyre and Bertha stonemason manufacture cardinal searching leagues of feminism. small-arm Jane is a somber and forward-lookingised cleaning lady surefooted of repairing her concomitant on her own accord, Bertha stonemason is a arrogant character, almost an blockage character, lying beyond the mountain range of self-reformation or redemption. Bertha stonemason is a vox of the aboriginal race, precariou sly positioned mingled with gentlemans gentleman and beastly instincts. In dealing with the increase of a substantive character, Bertha mason is deliberately stark of the very qualities that are bestowed to Jane Eyre. Consequently, Jane grows to be the trope of fair sex with all her charwomanish virtues (250). just now Meyer does not sire Spivaks channelation at flavor value. She notwithstanding questions the hardihood of the deed that Spivak makes about(predicate) the coefficient of correlation amid feminism and imperialism in Jane Eyre. If imperialism fire be cited as a provisional leg of postcolonialism, it would be easier to sanction the thesis. From imperialistic perspectives, Bertha stonemason qualifies as a colonial woman who is suppositional to reserve an wholeness entity of her own. entirely wherefore again she is alike represent as a aborigine woman, which seems to alter the in the first place ascription to imperialism. vent by Meyers argument, it is realize that traits of both imperialism and postcolonialism thronenot coexist at bottom a single character, and if it does, one moldiness await static for the other to blast (250-1). Hence, it is logically better to link patriarchy with colonial dominance, as both have their origins grow in the ordinal nose candy British high-bloodedness that had historically been proved to be keen on sexuality issues. Rositsa Kronast examines Brontes intro of the young-bearing(prenominal) colonial former(a) in the condition of a young-begetting(prenominal) dominated regime.Citing Jane Eyre as her dogma reference, along with blue jean Rhys replete(p) gulfweed ocean, Kronast shows how the tables can plait with diversenesss in advocator and hierarchy. It whitethorn be positiond, however, that this switch over may or may not come from inbred agents. As is the case with Jane Eyre and Bertha mason, the change is compel by the square-toed norms that were in stantaneously puritanical. Consequently, Jane, in spite of world a woman of substance, is gift against evidently unsolvable situations especially when her hunch forward intent with Mr.Rochester comes chthonic skillful bane from Bertha Mason. age Jane is beat(p) of her power, Bertha Mason travel in as an empowered woman, sufficient of inflicting ample molest at a humanity level. The regress of component part is exactly affirmable because the priggish times in colonial England allowed for total composure of women before male whims. The square-toed c one timept of womanhood that Jane embodies is found on copulation compatibility with men. Women were seen to be contend blurb fiddles to their sexual practice counterparts in a number of cases from aim to wife (3).What is fire to note from Kronasts argument is that if Jane is the other woman, she is at once helpless and empowered. This brings us to the aforesaid(prenominal) logical error that has bee n mentioned in front in the write up cardinal contradictory traits cannot manipulate a characters life in both way. So to put matters in the justifiedly context, it is bonnie to vulgarize that the Creole woman represent by Bertha Mason must control in to the indites innovation of representing the settled face of womanhood, in society to truss for a steep and noble-minded female role for the laissez-faire(a) Jane (Staines 42).In essence, interpreting into the feministic and postcolonial components in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre brings out the release among what is intrinsically maidenlike and what is not. It is fundamentally a novel base on modern plans of feminism. Janes nature exudes a juicy flair of fair(prenominal) state of grace and beauty. Postcolonialism, on the other hand, is only introduced for put the concept of feminism into perspective. Therefore, Jane and Bertha come about to hold their several(prenominal) positions of significance, w ith the last mentioned playing the role of a boundary line character. full treatment Cited Kronast, Rositsa. The Creole womanhood and the chore of direction in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre and jean Rhyss simple sargassum Sea. Munich smiling Verlag, 2010. Meyer, Susan L. Colonialism and the synecdochical dodge of Jane Eyre. mincing Studies. Bloomington, inch inch University Press, 1990. Staines, David. Margaret Laurence censorious reflections. capital of Canada, Ontario University of Ottawa Press, 2001.

Exploring the need for Department of Homeland Security in USA Essay

Exploring the inquire for Department of Homeland Security in USA - Essay ExampleThis directorate is accountable to bring the operations of the major border security and transportation under one command , including office of the municipal preparedness, Us customs service, immigration and naturalization service, federal protective service, federal law enforcement training center and animal and plant health inspection service.This directorate was made responsible to overseeing the preparedness for domestic disaster training and coordinating government response to disasters. This directorate was also responsible to bring the federal emergency management agency, the national disaster health check system and strategic national stockpile under unitary command.This directorate was made responsible to seek and utilize all scientific and technological benefits when the need for securing the homeland of USA is felt. The following assets accrued to this directorate included from the Environm ental Measurements Laboratory (Energy), National BW Defense Analysis Center and Plum Island beast Disease Center of Agriculture.This directorate is made responsible to analyze intelligence and opposite relevant information from agencies, including the CIA, FBI, DIA and NSA. That involved threats to homeland security. This directorate was to bring in concert the federal computer incidence response centre, national infrastructure protection centre, national security and assurance program and critical infrastructure assurance office. Directorate of Secret Service and Coast GuardThis directorate had to be located in the headquarters of the department of homeland security and to remain directly reporting to the secretarial assistant of the department. The coast guards were responsible to protect the US maritime boundaries. The Secret Service had to remain intact and its fundamental complaint would remain to be the safeguarding the President and other key government officials. The Se cret Service was also to continue to consistently provide security for important national events. This is interesting to know that the DHS is a squiffy bureaucracy within itself. The functions performed by the directorates within DHS have to go through a lot of red taps. The emergency response and preparedness, remains, so often, questionable (Noam, Chomsky, 2005).The mission statement, objectives and real functions can only be realized, when there is democratic decision making process and, swift and easy response process. After establishment of the DHS, no

Summarizing an Article with an accompaning outline Essay

Summarizing an Article with an accompaning outline - Essay ExampleThis helps in reducing bullion supply in the economy and a reduced money supply results in lower inflation and thus reduce any risk of devaluation. some other Russian states are also facing problems of rapid dollarization most payments even on micro level are increasingly being made in dollars.Another method of hedging against cash risk being adopted by banks is lending in dollars. This however creates problems for borrowers who have loans in dollars and business militia in GEL. Their risk is dramatically increased which makes it difficult to survive in an already recessionary environment (Gardner, 2009). This will also reduce taxes for the Georgian government. This is because as the losses of currency devaluation increase on the income statement, the taxable income is automatically decreased. The high budget deficit of 9.4 percent of the countrys gross domestic product is also a major obstacle to stability of GEL. The IMF however still insists that Georgian national bank is equipped with all necessary tools to protect the national currency. The high militia base of GEL being held by the national bank has reached 2,109,000,000 GEL (Gardner, 2009). This is very important in order to keep stability in the currency value. The bank can use these reserves to control exchange rate fluctuations in the market. That will however be a controlled economy, the National bank has plight that it will not temper with the free floating market. The free exchange rate environment will continue to function. IMF has insisted that Georgian economy cannot sustain a totally market controlled exchange rate system. The National Bank will have to intervene in order to control shocks created by continuous episodic fluctuations.The current strategies being adopted by Georgian government and National Bank are a positive step in providing stability to twain economy and currency. The banking sector has shown resilience a gainst

Provide relevant detailed analysis of sony in its global context Essay

Provide relevant detailed analysis of sony in its global context - Essay ExampleToday, the Sony brand exemplifies a whimsical combination of popularity, strong identity, recognition, and excellent communication of the brand values and mission to the consumers. In the meantime, the conjunction should be more attentive to the cultural aspects of its brand discipline in the global contexts.That Sony is one of the strongest and most popular global brands cannot be denied. Throughout the years of successful performance, Sony was able to move its brand onto the overbold aim of consumer recognition and turn the Sony brand into an indispensable component of its organizational and marketing culture. The importance of the Sony brand to the future of the company is difficult to underestimate. Every year, in April, new employees join Sony to become its members and contribute to the development of the future successful trends. And what I always say to them is that we have many marvelous plu ss here. The most valuable asset are the four letters, S, O, N, Y (Sony). The company does everything possible not only to raise brand recognition among consumers but to ensure that employees in all company divisions worldwide have a clear understanding of the companys brand messages and values. Some executives feel a strong need to communicate and re-articulate the interrelationship between the brand and the culture, in which it works (Sony). Others are confident that it is high time Sony leveraged its brand beyond products and created a customer-centered brand identity, which would serve an effective number one wood of consumer recognition and satisfaction with Sony products. Today, however, it is important to reconsider the relevance and efficiency of the Sony brand through the prism of the principal theoretical concepts. The significance of the global brand organization, the saying of brand equity, brand measurement, and the importance of culture for the development of global brand identity will create on objective

Fundamental of management information system Essay - 3

Fundamental of management information system - Essay ExampleThis can be done by using special software system or program which will allow to record by the scanner what products buyers actually buy (scanner data) in the Macys stores, click-through sequences, or automated customer counts (Chapter 2 Information Systems and Knowledge Management, n.d.). Based on point-of-sale data recordings there can be retrieved data which will enable Macys to answer the headwayBy organizing all these data into database and comparing information among all 800 locations management will know whether there is a need of adjusting its items to local tastes or may be there is no need at all. In addition to internal behavioral tracking made out of actual sales, Macys could bestow out proprietary marketing research (Chapter 2 Information Systems and Knowldge Management, n.d.). Such a research can be performed online by using different programs (for congressman Salespod), which allows to deal without paperw ork and avoid outdated information (Eliminating Paperwork from Retail Marketing and Merchandising).Unknown. Eliminating Paperwork from Retail Marketing and Merchandising.Salespod.net, 2013. Web. 3 Apr 2014.

TV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

TV - Essay ExampleNotably, Simba goes to exile as Scar succeeds the king. Nevertheless, aft(prenominal) maturing, the young lion returns to the Pride Lands to challenge his evil uncle to end his rule (Allers Film).The king of beasts King has received a lot of praise subject to its plot, music, and animation. Indeed, the Lion King is a captivating and entertaining animated film. The Disney film shows how the young lion suffered under the jealous and evil Scar who killed his brother, Mufasa to inherit to take all over power in Pride Lands (Allers Film). The film shows Scar as a devil with dark brown-red fur and green eyes. His cunning and charismatic enabled him to gain gigantic support from his enemies to conquer the young lion. However, despite Scars craving for power, the film depicts Scar as a coward and Simba as a brave person (Allers Film). Indeed, the film presents Simba as a young lion hero seeking to find his identity in nature and follow his fathers

Basic Change Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Basic Change Strategies - Research Paper Exampleimpuissance to understand these dynamics of deepen will lead to negative effects and could even lead to very adverse effects. Involving people will start by educating them astir(predicate) the change and the necessity of the change. Change agents will also have to be ready to buy people into the change surgical process by wake them how the change will affect them positively and at the same time reassure them that they will not be victims in the change process. There is an innate fear of change by all human beings (Shea, 2012). Experts on human behavior have tried to come up with a number of explanations about why human beings are fearful and resistant to change. One of the most common explanations is the argument that people are afraid of change because they are loosely afraid of the unknown. Change ceaselessly involves moving from a comfortable familiar environment to an unknown environment. This shift makes people be wary of cha nge because they put ont know whether they will be as comfortable in their new environment as they are in the current environment. In the calling world, the reason for fear of change is probably history bound. In almost any change process, some employees, especially in the lower ranks, have always been left to a disadvantage. For instance, during the computer revolution when businesses were changing from the manual information system to computerized information systems, many employees lost their jobs during the change process. This history of the change process has left many employees to be afraid of change because they feel they may be victimized. With this kind of understanding, it is of the essence(p) that people understand some extremely crucial factors to consider when implementing change. Failing to consider and to apply these factors will only lead to a disaster where change management is involved. These involve the following. Most of the reasons for resistance to change a re caused by lack ofinformation. In the lack of information, people are left to imagine anything.

'In your opinion, what are the key corporate governance issues Essay

In your opinion, what are the key corporate political science issues presented in this case and why - Essay ExampleThe basic role of corporate governance deals with the governance process of the corporation as intimately as how the management relates with several parties that are interested in the operations of the corporation, namely shareholders, employees, directors, customers, creditors and suppliers. Every fundamental law desires to have a good corporate governance that is non out to only minimize the possible risks of fraud and failure but also to reform the economic performance and its investment climate. Such governance relates public savings, investment, integrity and market confidence making corporate governance an important inclusion in order to achieve financial stability and economic growth for a long time. The corporation in question is the Royal Dutch/Shell assemblage which has remained the third largest production and oil production in the world. The size of the corporation makes corporate governance an important factor as it employs more(prenominal) than 119, 000 employees in more than 145 countries (Evans, 2004). For decades, Shell/Royal Dutch has been keen to maintain a good position among the top most global corporations. Its corporate governance has broadly speaking been interested in the stability of the corporation in relation to its operations and name. ... ation institution Issues The declaration by Royal Dutch/Shell Group that it was liner inflated oil reserves and that it intended to downgrade approximately four billion oil and gas reserves resulted to a furor among industry analysts as well as its investors who came out strongly blaming the opaque and complex governance structure that was play off-board for the issues facing the group. Analysts and experts claimed that this type of structure lacked proper accountability as well as resulted to financial manipulations (Hanney, 2004). The main corporation issue facing the Roy al Dutch/Shell Group is thus its governance structure that entailed a twin board. This structure is believed to have had several loopholes in its governance thus the several issues associated with the group. The consequent of the above was a series of turmoil for the group. The public announcement of reserves reduction claimed that the company was fond of blaming human failings through its top executives and not come up with critics on the weaknesses of the structure of Shell (Malin, 2004). The reaction of the group quest the mounting pressure from its investors was to institute reviews and recognize and appreciated that it had complicated the organization in unusual ways but still insisted that it is the same structure that had interpreted the group to the greatest heights for more than one hundred years thus is justified by the legal regimes and differing tax. The issues facing Shell are not just a problem of the group but an issue facing the international gas and oil industry. R oyal Dutch/Shell Group Governance Structure The main issue facing the governance of the group goes up to some of its senior executives who recognize that the corporation reserves were overstated. In addition to this realization,

Literature Review on Learning Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Literature Review on Learning - Dissertation ExampleIt has been estimated that around 1 billion people around the world use English everyday (Crystal, 1996). These same individuals would be speaking or writing the language in a wide variety of settings such as the business world or the academe. Such a scenario reinforces the fact that teaching English can be a very daunting task. Prospective teachers must not only deal with the sheer complexity of the language itself but also due to its global nature, the differences in each pupils capabilities and learning preferences that are becoming broader. Over the years, various scholars of different nationalities have attempted to formulate their own methods to improve educational activity in a native language or to introduce a second language. A careful study and comparison of their works especially the researches on improving English instruction, may aid in the formulation of a successful teaching program.James Asher (1966) was known for h is studies which became known as the Total Physical receipt experiments. This proceeded with students listening to commands being given in a specific target language, where the whole class including the instructor, would immediately respond by performing the appropriate somatogenic action. When these commands become familiar, the teacher would remain seated and only the students will continue responding to the given commands. Sometimes, a few unfamiliar utterances may also be given. vocal responses by the students would only be initiated when the students feel they are ready. Many of the grammatical features in a language can be introduced through this method with nigh any grammatical constituent being able to get taught.

Examine the extent to which the benefits of UK membership in the Essay

Examine the extent to which the benefits of UK membership in the European Union outweigh the be - Essay ExampleThe UKs contributions to the EU budget has got also fiscal consequences as the consumer prices get affected through the putting green Agricultural Policy and common external tariffs that are levied on imports.EU membership also can influence the foreigners decisions on whether to invest in the UK or not. Being able to understand the these stinting impacts gives us a good framework to do an evaluation on the benefits and costs of EU membership, but provides no information on whether UK would be at a better position by staying outside EU.I n order to establish this we require a counterfactual scenario for cost-benefit purposes (Anderson, & Reichert, 2012, P.244).The United Kingdom becomes part of the balls largest single grocery store by being a member of the European Union. The single market is an economic zone that is larger than that of Japan and regular army together with a GDP of around 11 trillion pounds. This single market that has over 500 million people gives a level set up for British business to trade in.This helps not only in enabling free trade with absence of customs duties or tariffs but also provides a common set of rules so that business need not to be in compliance with 27 different types of regulations. A research done by the European Commission indicates that the EU GDP was change magnituded by 2.2%(233 million pounds) and there were 2.75 million job opportunities that created since the adoption of the single market between 1992 and 2006.The increase in GDP for UK was around 25 billion pounds. The Department of business of the government, skills & innovation gives an estimation that trade has increased between member states because of the single market (Baldwin, Francois, & Portes, 2013,P.125-147).The UK becomes part of the process for making rules and regulation in the single market for being a member of the EU.Britain through its council of ministers are given the opportunity

Solicitors and Barristers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Solicitors and Barristers - Essay Exampleeyes, ears, hands or legs - and they either work in agreement or complement each other in such a way that the result or consequence is seen as a perfect credence by a single receptor. This perfect, clock-like arrangement of the human organ pairs prove the point that in order to achieve ampleer, faster, easier and more accurate results, sometimes it becomes obligatory to break up functions or decentralize so that there is greater efficiency in performance. Law, a study and practice followed by both, solicitors and barristers, has a great historical origin. (Symmetry in homes)1.The legal code began to take shape and take roots as early as the 8th century BC when the Greeks kickoff became a world power and a with a firm, military discipline, laid the foundations of a system of impartiality which was initially draconian. However, it was superseded by a more organized and humane system by Solon. Finding themselves in confusion due to violent revolt by the people, the oligarchy called upon Solon, known for his wisdom and uprightness, to establish a convention of law. Following a course of a difficult, bloody period of wars and dissension, Solon drafted an all-encompassing legal code which found favor with the oligarchy. (A History of Ancient Greece)2The Romans were obligated for improving upon the Spartan laws and many of our modern legal concepts were founded by them. They were the first to acknowledge that the citizenry had certain rights and actively pursued means to voice these rights to their people. cultivated laws, contract laws, property and personal rights, use of evidence in a court of law, use of a legal will, are some of the legal concepts brought into being by the Romans. (Legal Concepts Based on the Ancient Romans)3.LawyersLawyers are called by many names - notably advocates, attorneys, barristers, counselors, solicitors, notaries. A lawyer or attorney at law is an individual licensed by the state to advise clients in legal matters and represent them in courts of law and other legal agencies. Most countries today take aim professional law advisors in their juridical systems. Different countries have different systems and practices based on which the lawyers are classified. For instance, lawyers are invariably referred to as attorneys or counselors in the USA. In England, the system is more elaborately laid out where the functions for barristers and solicitors are specified. Elsewhere too, the functions are divided and laid out in such modal value as is beneficial for speedier and fairer dispensation of justice. Many countries also follow the law system where a person who is not a qualified lawyer could be empanelled as a member of the jury on the strength of his or her social and professional standing. In countries like India, persons with a good history of social service, disregardless of his educational qualifications, are designated as special magistrates and allowed to set tle certain local disputes. Of course, these are only so at the lower levels where it would be otherwise truly difficult to cope with pending cases. (Lawyers, Nature of the work)4.Coming back to the United States, almost anyone can be an attorney. And in this situation, an attorney is similar to an agent, a person who has been formally empowered by someone else to act on behalf of the principal. Lawyers are attorneys at

No need for topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

No need for topic - Essay ExampleThe piece stage of clean development intensifies the right/wrong and good/bad practices to encompass the notion of satisfying own needs. Based on the implications of the decision make by the decision maker, Weber argues that spirits of fairness and equal sharing can be interpreted in that context.3 For example, the above move by directors would have a consequential implication to organizational shargonholders and the firm at large. Stage three is primarily based on personal behavior. Specifically, members of any given society ar expected to behave and conduct themselves in a certain way. In so doing, participants derive behavior-based satisfaction with respect to that which is naturally acceptable to the society. Here, the rules of the majority are essentially in play. On the other hand, the identified fourth stage of moral development deals with societal perspectives of generalized morals. For example, bakers are generally held to be current and their behavior in and out of work should reflect this expectation. However, this many not always be the case with regard to both the third and fourth stages of moral development. Any given society in its entirety accords rights to its members. In this respect, stage five defines the right and the wrong based on the rights accorded to the members of the society. On the same note, a societys standards are upheld through the said rights, subsequently influencing the moral factor in that society. When it comes to the final stage of moral development, the definition of what is right is personalized. In other words, an individuals ethical and moral principles drive the right/wrong definition. In this respect, what is rightfully, ethically, and morally accepted by one individual or society may not necessary be accepted by another subject to the provisions of the last two stages of moral development. Part B Translating theory into practice takes diverse and dynamic approaches. This is beca use organizational operations, strategies, goals, and objectives differ from one organization to another. For this reason, the operationalization of Kohlbergs poser within an organization requires a strategic approach. On the same note, the taken approach must be aligned and consistent with organizational short term and long term prospects. The practice of Kohlbergs model would, therefore, require managers to be sensitive to the organizational culture and operations in play. To start with, managers do not necessarily have to implement every aspect of Kohlbergs model. This is because some of the aspects of Kohlbergs model may or may not be relevant for some organizational practices. In this respect, managers need to gauge the organizational culture in play against the Kohlbergs model. In so doing, managers would note ineffective areas within the organization as far as Kohlbergs model is concerned. Once this has been done, the chosen provisions of the model can now be implemented. F or example, an organizations definition of right and wrong may be primarily built on the general societal

The Arrest of Shiite Cleric Nimr Al-Nirm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Arrest of Shiite Cleric Nimr Al-Nirm - Essay ExampleAnalysisThe cleric has always been critical of the government. In fact in 2009 he had called for the onanism of the Eastern province. As things stand now Nimrs role has been elevated from a mere regional cleric to the main focal point of the some(prenominal) disgruntled Shiite youths. The matter is complicated further by the fact that he resides in the town of Awamiya which is a hotbed of radicalism and is rife with weapons (Matthiesen, 2).There has been some information that the put up and prominence of the cleric had been instigated, boosted and funded by elements within the ruling family itself. It is believed that Nimr has been covertly encouraged and even financed by the hardliners in the royal family in order to scuttle the start out by the king to reach out to the Shiite through the interfaith dialogue that he had initiated. Hardliners in the inner circle like Prince Naif bin Abdullazziz. The interior(a) Minister did not want to see this peace initiative succeed (Press TV, 1).The part that raised questions is the timing of the incumbrance. It is more than two years now since he started his so called campaign against the ruling family. Protests that had been taking place in the Eastern province had all but died down. Much of the mass actions in terms of demonstrations had fizzled out. In fact, there had been no significant protests in the region since November 2011.The protests had largely lost steam and the region was relatively calm. So it is difficult to comprehend the decision to arrest the cleric now.

Custmer and supplier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Custmer and supplier - Essay ExampleThe students wee-wee a demand for the returns offered by the professional fraternity. Instructors are expected to offer a conducive social environment that encourages responsiveness in a class or lecture hall (Tomas 31). The teachings delivered are expected to increase student productivity in the engineering field. This includes using competitive instructional formats and preparation for the job market. Registrar The role of registrar is to facilitate admission and ensure the enrolment of engineering students is smooth. This includes ensuring the integrity of examinations and clear submission of thesis and other academic requirements are fulfilled. The office of registrar ensures the logistical preparedness of the student is achieved. This also entails considering the students under interdisciplinary programs have maximized their services with minimal interferences. The number of students is directly proportional to the workload in the office of registrar. This means that students affect the demand to registrar services. Cafeteria This is the place where students bring on meals. The profitability of cafeteria business depends on the number of students using the service. The cafeteria system supplies food to the other stakeholders who include lecturers and students. The students create a demand for food services and the cafeteria supplies to moon curser the demand (Tomas 19). The success of students and cafeteria systems is mutually inclusive. Internet suppliers Most of the students have access to internet services through wireless networks and other centers like cyber cafes. The internet service providers ensure that fast service is delivered for research and other academic assignments. This ensures that students perform according to the expected standards. Engineering and computer students are perceived to become progressively dependent of internetworking and other advanced software. The supply of the international net works forms the core of the expected competencies in the coursework. The internet service providers gain through increased coverage and subscription. The move up of technologies like video conferencing and electronic library services has given rise to renewed demand for information technology services and providers. This is the foundation of virtual learning. expert companies like Google and Microsoft have created an atmosphere for virtual platforms to meet the growing demands. Students and university policy initiatives e.g. Recreation services and discoveries The college environment for engineering students offers an enabling atmosphere for students to access fun services. Some the structures include five star hotels with swimming pools, conference centers and other prestigious facilities. Most of these investment targets the college fraternity which includes students, lecturers, workers and other staff within universities. The students create a demand for the facilities dependi ng on the level of education and academic needs. Interuniversity contests take place in these facilities. The hotels offer multiple services which include high visibility meals and change accommodation services. These hotels target high level learning events, wealthy students and lecturers among others. They offer practical in case of special arrangements which interested university departments. The demand for specialized facilities is directly

Corporate Social Responsibility (Gallaher Group PLC ) Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility (Gallaher Group PLC ) - Essay casefulOne year on, we argon commencing an annual process of reporting. This report examines our activities during 2004 and highlights the steps we intend to take in the future. We also provide an update on how we are performing against targets set last year how we are establishing new performance indicators, and explaining further what we are doing, as we strive for continual improvement in bodied responsibility.Tobacco, by its real nature, is a controversial business sector, and it is important that we continue to listen to the opinions of others and communicate with clarity. One of the areas that we recognise is of pick out importance is communication and interest with all of those who interact with our business. Feedback on our approach to corporate responsibility confirms that this is an area where we should continue to focus attention and, in recognition of this, dialogue is a key theme throughout this report.I hope that you will find this report informative. We believe that good corporate responsibility is the hallmark of a successful organisation, and we very much welcome your views, (yourviewsgallaherltd.com). (http//www.gallaher-group.com/corporate/crr.asp)What sector does the company appear under GALLAHER GROUP PLC main purpose is to outgrowth it cash inflow from its big clients (Tobacco sector) in the countries like Austria, Republic of Ireland, Sweden and the UK and capitalize its operations in international growth strategy (Thompson, 1999) through export opportunities such as investing money in acquiring other companies and also entering into joint ventures and business tie ups with businesses all over Europe, the CIS, Africa and the emerging Asian economic region. In the UK, Gallaher Group PLC wants to increase its market shares(Irwin, 2000) in the growing value cigarette sector within the United Kingdom by continuing increasing its leading positions in the exchange premium cigar ette and cigar market segment. Gallaher Group PLC also aims to attain its goal of equalizing its gross revenue figure with its profit percentages gained on these volume sales.Gallaher Group PLC also plains to vigorously take its top market positions in Austria and the Republic of Ireland by continuing its management strategy of equalizing its sales volume with profit percentages. Gallaher will implement its plans to enter into uncharted territories especially in Central and Eastern Europe. Gallaher Group PLC is presently aiming to increase geometrically its regional market portion(Chisolm, 1981) in the Commonwealth of the Independent States while it is stunt woman its efforts to increase the proportion of its brands(Goldman, 1997) marketed in the higher priced and intermediate markets in this region. Gallaher Group PLC plans to also increase its market positions(Slavin, 1989) in Poland, the Baltics, Africa and the Asia Pacific region. Alongside with this plan, Gallaher Group PLC is soon fighting to maintain it present market share in Swedens cigarette market by also implementing it company policy of balancing its volume sales and profit ratios. ( Aug, 2006)What macro

Spectators in Sport Essay Example for Free

Spectators in Sport EssaySpectators in sport be muchtimes an identity and several(prenominal)times gaud within themselves. For viewers of any standing, fellow sweethearts can often make, break, sweeten or sour a sporting experience. many spectators can become annoyed by the antics of spectator groups such as English crickets Barmy Army, American College Basketballs Duke University Cameron Crazies or locally, even the infamous Joffa and the Collingwood Football Club cheer squad.To other(a)s, the appeal of experiencing or even simply viewing these groups in action is a novelty and can make up a lot of the reason for people to be enticed to watch. When considering sports spectators there are 2 ends of the spectrum that initially come to mind. One is the die-hard, dedicate supporter who stands by their club through thick and thin and can conduct themselves in a responsible manner, the other is the rowdy, one eyed form that can present safety disruptions in crowds or take pa rt in less than savoury behaviour of sports hooliganism.Spectators, however, dont always necessarily need to be avid supporters of a team or the sport in general. It is possible for spectators to be casual, mildly interested and maybe just intrigued by the spectacle or showcase of top tier physical abilities and attributes within the sporting domain. Sometimes it is this lure of simply sitting back and watching without any vested emotion, the superstardom of some of the worlds greatest athletes.This couldve been the reason the Chicago Bulls sold out every arena, home or away, in almost every season during the Michael Jordan era, for example. To r from each one a better understanding of spectators and spectator traits, Giulianotti used English Football as a baseline and devised a way to identify and catergorize contemporary spectator identities. He identified that spectators can be either hot or cool with regards to their emotional attachment, and either traditional or consumer bas ed in their motifs for watching.A hot, traditional spectator was considered a Supporter, was emotionally vested in and loyal to the club, usually purchasing shares/memberships/merchandise and feeling an obligation to show thick ad hominem solidarity to that one club. Supporters often attend live events as a public display of their allegiance. Conversely, a cool, traditional spectator was considered a Follower.Followers had other reasons for spectating than the club itself as they mayfind appeal in a player or coach for instance, allowing them to entrustingly follow the progress of the club without world deeply emotionally vested in being part of the journey. Followers can show a thick or thin solidarity toward a club and will often use electronic media to simply keep tabs on the goings on. A hot, consumer spectator was labelled a fan. Fans often have a first interest in the celebrity of a team or player or club identity. Fans can be financially invested in the club confusable t o a Supporter, but usually for differing reasons.Fans can take part in cheer squads and preach their alliance to the club, but are usually unidirectional in their affections. Lastly, a cool consumer spectator was given the title of Flaneur. Flaneurs were considered to be the result of mass media allowing for the following or consumption of sports worldwide of any scale and were often appealed to by the novelty, vividness or aesthetic sensations and experiences of sports in general. Flaneurs as spectators have the least amount of solidarity to a particular club of all the 4 catergorized.though it is interesting to sociologically categorize people by considering factors and variables that impact them and Giulianotti has a reasonably comprehensive synopsis of the 4 evolving spectator types, one thing is certain, spectators are integral to sports on many levels and the study of such can allow for clubs and sports in general to find better ways to target and appeal to each of the aforeme ntioned subgroups in a holistic sense for not only their fulfilment, but the club or sports financial and supportive successfulness in the future.

Mass media Essay Example for Free

Mass media EssayFrom my point of view, I agree that the mountain media, including TV, radio and newspaper have a great influence in shaping people ideas . Nowdays mass media is a form of progress of information and communion technology. Through the mass media that the more developed allows information spread easily in the community. Information in any form can be disseminated quickly and easily so that it affects the viewpoints, lifestyles, and culture of a nation. The rapid flow of information causes us not to be able to filter the messages. As a sequel subconsciously it little by little have been affecting pattern of behavior and culture in society. Long-standing culture and become a benchmark in society behave are now almost gone and escapes the attention of the community. As a result, the longer the social changes in the community began to surface a raised. The influence of the mass media on contemporary theory of the influence of media on society has been fostering the r apid reforms in society.The influence of the media with regard to other aspects such as the nature of the communicators, the content, information from the media itself, as well as the response from the community. Rapid development of information and communication technologies such as mass media, light-emitting diode to rapid changes everywhere. The Mass Media have gradually brought the community into a new cultural patterns and begin to determine the mindset and culture of community behavior.The Media tells people how nice standards of living for a human, thus indirectly causing the Community judge whether their neighborhoods have been worth or whether he has met the standard and this heavily influenced picture of what is seen, perceive and read from the media. Message or information conveyed by the media could be a support community for the better, making the public rule happy to be themselves, feel quite deflating or otherwise trust him or feeling low than others. Existence of other behaviour pattern changes of lifestyle.Usually someone will reproduce everything related to his idols are good in terms of dress, look, or how to speak her piece that reflects themselves his idols. The above are likely to be more influential on a generation. A socio-psychological, information flows that continue to hit our lives will give rise to various influences on the development of the soul, especially for children and teens. Their behavior patterns, little by little is affected by what they receive may be deviated from the stage of development of the soul as well as the norms in force.The positive do of mass media on society is the society would gain something more news worthy. For example, news bombing of WTC and the war in Iraq, despite being in a different country but with proper information and information through the mass media. This will cause people to be more natural to the issues at. In addition, through the use of internet and telephone bimbit allow communi ty out of its cocoon. For the conclusion, am agree that the mass media, including TV, radio and newspaper have a great influence in shaping people ideas.

College Enrollment Essay Example for Free

College Enroll workforcet EssayIncome inequality has been increasing for the past 20 years. A substantial part of the increase in income differences ignore be explained by changes in the return to direction. In dollar terms, 1973 college graduates earned 45 share more than mettlesome tametime graduates by 1994 they earned 65 percent more, establish on real average hourly wages for college and l precaution-back school graduates (Baumol and Blinder, 1997). The increasing income disparities amongst groups of differing preparational attainment raises concern that access to postsecondary education (PSE) whitethorn not be as widespread as desired. President Clinton urged for the goal of universal college access in his 1997 State of the Union address, We must make the 13th and fourteenth years of educationat least two years of collegejust as universal in America by the 21st atomic number 6 as a high school education is today, and we must open the doors of college to all Ameri cans. Using entropy from the bailiwick Education Longitudinal guide of 1988 (NELS) and the National Postsecondary Student Aid cogitation (NPSAS), this study encounters access to postsecondary education by soulfulnesss in different income and test pip groups.While many studies have exituate a statistically significant effect of income on college adjustment,1 less(prenominal) attention has been p forethought to the effect of family income after controlling for schoolchild achievement. This study limitedally addresses this issue. We similarly explore differences in the decisiveness of whether or not to come after PSE or in the type of PSE attend toed. We argon interested in whether students atomic number 18 substituting less expensive alternatives (such as public or 2-year institutions) for high cost institutions, or whether they ar not attending PSE at all.However, we do not examine selectivity of institutions attended. some other goal of this study is to determine w hich factors, including high school experiences, be especially important in determining college registration patterns. Hossler and Maple (1993) find that information on individual background factors allows them to predict, with a high degree of accuracy, which ninth- locaters will go to college. The emphasis in our study is on how 1 See, for example, Leslie and Brinkman (1987), Savoca (1990), Schwartz (1986), and Mortenson and Wu (1990). fraction I. INTRODUCTION 1 MATHTECH, INC. archaeozoic indicators, such as expectations and course-taking behavior in the eighth grade, are related to college attendance sise years later. 2 Last, we explore whether monetary aid availableness is a critical factor in determining PSE attendance. The combined effects of shifting federal support from grants to loans, and college instruction increasing at a order faster than inflation are expected to have a large impact on enrollment patterns for low income youth. This constitution examines knowl edge of and attitudes toward monetary aid, and the alliance between such factors and PSE attendance.We also examine the effect of financial aid receipt on PSE attendance. In summary, the main research questions addressed in this report are 1. 2. 3. 4. What percentage of students attend PSE, and what types of PSE do they attend? How are income and test score related to who goes to college? What factors, including high school experiences, are especially important in determining college enrollment patterns? Is financial aid availability a critical factor for determining PSE attendance? The rest of the report proceeds as follows. air division II describes the literature on individual and institutional factors that regard PSE attendance. Section III provides an overview of the data apply in this report. It describes the NELS data, the NPSAS data, try ons and weights used in the study, and correction of quantity errors for sampling techniques. Section IV examines who goes to colleg e. The section highlights the main answers to the first two research questions posed above, in a univariate or multivariate framework. Section V examines factors related to PSE attendance.Section VI explores the magnificence of financial aid, including knowledge of financial aid, financial aid applications, and the relationship between being offered financial aid and PSE attendance. Last, we implicate a bibliography of cited references. The executive summary (at the fuck offning of the report) highlights our findings and provides policy implications. An NCES study, not yet released, has focused on the pipeline to higher education using the NELS data (NCES, 1997). variance I. INTRODUCTION 2 2 MATHTECH, INC. One subset of analysis for this study is the group of low income, high test score students.Low income, high test score students may have the potential to benefit greatly from PSE attendance and, therefore, we want to identify factors or constraints, particularly financial is, that might limit the students educational opportunities beyond high school. SECTION I. INTRODUCTION 3 MATHTECH, INC. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Much of the research on college enrollment patterns is founded upon the human capital model Gary Becker advanced. According to this theory, one decides to enroll in college as an investment in future earning power.Individuals calculate the value of attending college by comparing costs (direct and indirect) with expected income gains, and they make the conclusiveness that will maximize their utility over the long term. To understand enrollment behavior according to this model, it is necessary to look at such factors as charge levels, student financial aid, average wages for high school graduates, and the difference in lifetime earnings between high school and college graduates. Economists and others agree, however, that non-monetary factors also victimize a major part in the college enrollment decision.Sociologists models of status attainment have suggested a number of background variables that join with economic factors to influence college plans. These hold both personal traits (e. g. , academic ability) and interpersonal factors, such as the level of encouragement a student receives from parents and t severallyers. Hossler and Maple (1993) suggest that individual decisions on enrollment can be broken down into three stages predisposition, search, and choice. According to their research, students who will ultimately attend college can be differentiated from those who will not as previous(predicate) as the ninth grade.Within the econometric and sociological models outlined above, the factors affecting enrollment in college can be divided into two general types those specific to individual students, such as academic achievement and parental education levels, and those specific to educational or vocational alternatives, such as college tuition, financial aid, and unemployment levels. Students enrollment decisions can be viewed as jointly determined by their individual characteristics and the institutional or societal conditions that prevail. We first review individual traits that affect college enrollment, and past institutional determinants.SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 4 MATHTECH, INC. A. INDIVIDUAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT COLLEGE ENROLLMENT Several studies have used data from the National Longitudinal Study of the highschool develop Class of 1972 (NLS72), the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, Youth Cohort (NLSY), and the High School and Beyond Survey (HSB) to examine the factors affecting college enrollments. Manski and Wise (1983), Rouse (1994), and a number of others have used the variables include in these data sets to estimate multinomial logit models of enrollment decisions.Among the researchers, there seems to be considerable agreement regarding the individual traits that help to determine enrollment. These traits are discussed below. Manski and Wise (1983) presented a key point, namely that the enrollment process begins with the students decision to apply to college. This is much more important than the decisions made by college admissions personnel, since close would-be college students are possible to be admitted to some postsecondary institution of average quality.capital of Mississippi (1988) reports that in 1972, more than 97 percent of college applicants were admitted to at least one of their top three choices. The factors of greatest interest, then, are those that cause the student to seek to enroll. both Manski and Wise (1983) and Rouse (1994) find that individual traits such as achievement levels, high school class rank, and parental education levels are of primary importance in determining the likelihood of a students applying to college.They state that higher family income levels increase the probability of application as well, but to a lesser extent. Manski and Wise also cite a peer or high school quality effect, such that the l arger the share of a high school seniors classmates who attend 4-year schools, the more likely he or she will be to do the same. A recent NCES report (1997) describes the relationship among six risk factors (such as changing schools two or more times) and PSE attendance rates. St. John and Noell (1989) and St. John (1990) draw similar conclusions from the NLS72 and HSB data sets.St. John and Noell state that indisputable social background variables appear to make college enrollment more likely. These include higher test scores, higher grades, higher SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 MATHTECH, INC. maternal education levels,3 and family income, as cited by Manski and Wise and Rouse. Other key variables include participation in an academic track during high school and high postsecondary aspirations, as measured by students reporting of the highest level of schooling they expect to achieve.Hossler and Maple (1993) find that parental education levels have a stronger effect on enrollment plans than student ability or income level. Other background factors that researchers have found to be significant include the level of parental encouragement (Hossler, Braxton, and Coopersmith, 1989) and students own expectations intimately the college decision (Borus and Carpenter, 1984). Jackson (1988) quits that test scores, grades, taking part in a college preparatory course, and attending a school with many college-going peers are the student attributes most important for college enrollment.Kohn, Manski, and Mundel (1976) report that parents education level has a positive effect on a students likelihood of enrollment, but state that this effect decreases as family income rises. A number of researchers have examined the effects of family income levels on college enrollment. Manski (199216) concludes that there are persistent patterns of stratification of college enrollments by income. Both Manski (1992) and Kane (1995) present census data for multi-year periods that show, f or ascending income levels, a steadily increasing percentage of 18to 19-year-old dependent family members enrolled in college.Using the same data source, Clotfelter (1991) and Mortenson and Wu (1990) cite positive income effects for the 18- to 24year-old group as well. Hauser (1993) finds large family income effects on college enrollment for White and Hispanic families, but he finds no such effects for Black families. 3 St. John and Noell do not include paternal education levels as a variable in their study. Manski and Wise and Rouse consider maternal and paternal education levels as separate variables, but present their conclusions in terms of parental education levels as a whole.Most of the studies reviewed here do not distinguish between mothers and fathers education levels. One exception is the study by Kohn, Manski and Mundel (1976). This study estimates a model using subsamples of the SCOPE review from two different states. While one group shows that the fathers education lev el has a greater effect on the likelihood of college attendance than does the mothers, the other group shows the mothers education level as having a greater effect. SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 6 MATHTECH, INC. B. institutional FACTORS THAT AFFECT COLLEGE ENROLLMENT.In addition to the factors that operate at an individual level, researchers have found a variety of institutional factors, or factors pertaining to educational and vocational alternatives, that affect college enrollment levels. Manski and Wise (1983) include among these factors tuition level, quality of school (as measured by the average combined SAT score of incoming freshmen), and the availability of disposal and institutional financial aid.Rouse (1994) examines the factor of proximity by estimating changes in enrollments that would result from decreasing the averagedistance to the nearest 2-year college. She also considers the effects of tuition levels and financial aid availability, as well unemployment rates, whic h serve as a measure of competing opportunities available to high school seniors.Tuition levels are another institutional factor with a significant effect on college enrollment. Leslie and Brinkman (1987) review 25 studies on this subject, and find a general consensus that a $100 increase in tuition nationwide, in 19821983 academic year dollars, would result in a 6 percent decline in the college participation rate for the 18- to 24-year-old group.Savoca (1990) makes the point that high tuition levels may lessen postsecondary enrollments in the aggregate by discouraging some students from ever applying to college. The effects of tuition levels are moderated in many cases by the effects of financial aid. McPherson and Schapiro (1991) state that the variable of interest should be net cost, or tuition less financial aid. At the initial stages of the enrollment decision, however, students often lack information on their eligibility for financial aid and the amount of aid they would be l ikely to receive.Researchers have differing views regarding the effects of financial aid on enrollment at different types of institutions. Reyes (1994) finds that increases in financial aid positively affect both 2-year and 4-year college enrollment rates, based on information from the NLSY and HSB. Manski and Wise (1983), using the NLS72, conclude that financial aid affects students decisions to attend 2-year institutions, as opposed to not going to college at all. However, this study finds that enrollments at 4-year schools have little sensitivity to the availability of financial aid.Manski and Wise do not consider the effect of financial aid on the students choice between a 2-year and a 4-year institution. SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 MATHTECH, INC. Other researchers have compared the effects of decreasing tuition with the effects of increasing financial aid. Manski and Wise (1983) find that for those attending 2-year schools, an excess dollar of financial aid would be worth m ore than a one dollar reduction in tuition. St. John (1990172) also finds that college applicantsare more responsive to changes in student aid than to changes in tuition, except for those in the upper income group. Kane (1995), however, argues that while financial aid increases may be more equitable because they are means tested, they are not as effective as decreases in tuition. This is a consequence of the complexity of the financial aid application process and the involuntariness of low income families to borrow to finance a college education. When studying the effect of tuition and financial aid on PSE enrollment, the group to be especially concerned virtually is low income students.Leslie and Brinkman (1987) and Savoca (1990) find that tuition levels affect enrollment decisions for low income students much more than for middle and upper income groups. By the same token, the availability of financial aid is a much more crucial factor for those at lower income levels. Orfield ( 1992) notes that the maximum Pell grant is less than one-fifth of the tuition at an elite university. such a gap between aid and costs, he contends, may steer many low income students toward lower cost schools. Hearns 1991 study supports this hypothesis.He finds that when academic ability, achievement, and other factors are controlled for, lower income students are especially likely to choose institutions of lower selectivity. Schwartz (1985) finds that low income students are affected differently by publicly provided financial aid and aid supplied by institutions. He states that public grants tend to promote greater equity among income groups in college enrollment. Private grants, however, are often awarded on the keister of academic ability, and they tend to favor students who could afford to go to college without them.Clotfelter (1991) expresses the same concern about the effects of institutional aid. Manski and Wise (1983) note that even public aid is not always awarded where the need is greatest. They state that in 1979, 59 percent of Basic Educational Opportunity Grants were awarded to students who would probably have gone to college in the absence of such aid. Table 1 summarizes the data sources used in the studies mentioned here. SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 8 MATHTECH, INC.Table 1 MAIN entropy SOURCES FOR whole caboodle CITED IN LITERATURE REVIEW STUDY Borus, Michael E.and Carpenter, Susan A. , Factors Associated with College Attendance of High-School Seniors (1984) Clotfelter, Charles T. , Demand for Undergraduate Education (1991) Hauser, Robert M. , Trends in College admittance among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics (1993) Hearn, James C. , Academic and Nonacademic Influences on the College Destinations of 1980 High School Graduates (1991) Hossler, Don, Braxton, John and Coopersmith, Georgia, Understanding College Choice (1989).Hossler, Don and Maple, Sue, Being Undecided about Postsecondary Education (1993) Jackson, Gregory A., Did College Choi ce Change during the Seventies? (1988) Kane, Thomas, Rising Public College Tuition and College Entry How Well Do Public Subsidies Promote Access to College? (1995) Kohn, Meir G. , Manski, Charles F. , and Mundel, David S. , An Empirical Investigation of Factors which Influence College-going Behavior (1976) Leslie, Larry L. , and Brinkman, Paul T. , Student Price Response in higher(prenominal) Education (1987) Manski, Charles F. , and Wise, David A. , College Choice in America (1983) Manski, Charles F. , Income and Higher Education (1992)McPherson, Michael S., and Schapiro, Morton Owen, Does Student Aid Affect College Enrollment? New Evidence on a long-lasting Controversy (1991) Mortenson, Thomas G. , and Wu, Zhijun, High School Graduation and College Participation of Young Adults by Family Income Backgrounds 1970 to 1989 (1990) National Center for Education Statistics. Confronting the Odds Students At Risk and the crinkle to Higher Education (1997). MAIN DATA SOURCES 1979 and 19 80 National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience, Youth Cohort (NLSY) Review of studies done by others, with data from authoritative Population Survey ( bicycle) and High.School and Beyond (HSB) CPS HSB, Higher Education Research Institute (HERI) data Review of studies done by others Cluster sample of 5,000 Indiana ninth graders National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 (NLS72), HSB NLSY, HSB, CPS School to College Opportunities for Postsecondary Education (SCOPE) Survey Meta-analysis of studies done by others NLS72 NLS72, HSB, CPS Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP) data, CPS HSB, Current Population Report, CPS NELS SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW.9 MATHTECH, INC. STUDY Orfield, Gary, Money, Equity, and College Access (1992) Reyes, Suzanne, The College Enrollment close The Role of the Guaranteed Student Loan (1994) Rouse, Cecilia Elena, What to Do after High School The Two-Year versus Four-Year College Enrollment Decision (1994) St. John, Edward P. , and Noell, Jay, The effect of Student Financial Aid on Access to Higher Education An Analysis of Progress with Special Consideration of Minority Enrollment (1989) St. John, Edward P., Price Response in Enrollment DecisionsAn Analysis of the High School and Beyond Sophomore Cohort (1990) Savoca, Elizabeth, Another Look at the Demand for Higher Education Measuring the Price Sensitivity of the Decision to maintain to College (1990) Schwartz, J. Brad, Student Financial Aid and the College Enrollment Decision The Effects of Public and Private Grants and Interest Subsidies (1985) Schwartz, J. Brad, Wealth Neutrality in Higher Education The Effects of Student Grants (1986) MAIN DATA SOURCES Review of history of federal student financial aid programs NLSY, HSB NLSY, HSB, CPS.NLS72, HSB HSB NLS72 HSB, CPS HSB, CPS SECTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW 10 MATHTECH, INC. III. DATA A. NELS DATA While a number of studies have used data from the National Longitudinal Survey, Youth Cohort ( NLSY), the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 (NLS72), and the High School and Beyond Survey (HSB) to examine the factors affecting college enrollments, this work effort is among the first to use NELS to analyze these types of issues. In 1988, NELS initially surveyed over 24,000 public and private school eighth graders doneout the United States.The nationally representative eighth grade cohort was tested in four subjects (mathematics, reading, science, and social studies). Two teachers of each student (representing two of the four subjects) were also surveyed, as was an administrator from each school. On average, each of the 1,052 participating schools was correspond by 24 students and five teachers. Parents were also surveyed, providing researchers with detailed information on family background variables.Since 1988, the initial eighth grade cohort has been re-surveyed three times (and has been freshened with recent sample members). The first follow-up o f NELS (spring, 1990), included the same components as the base year study, with the exception of the parent survey, which was not implemented in the 1990 round. It also included a component on early dropouts (those who left school between the end of eighth grade and the end of 10th grade). The second follow-up (spring, 1992), iterate all components of the first follow-up study and also included a parent questionnaire.However, this time only one teacher of each student ( either a mathematics or a science teacher) was asked to complete a teacher questionnaire. High school transcript data were also collected for these students. A subsample of the NELS88 second follow-up sample was again followed-up in the spring of 1994, when most sample members had been out of high school for 2 years. In all, 14,915 students were surveyed, most through computer-assisted telephone interviewing.Major content areas for the third follow-up questionnaire were education histories work experience histories work-related training family formation opinions and other experiences occurrence or SECTION III. DATA 11 MATHTECH, INC. non-occurrence of significant life events and income. Data collection for this wave began on February 4, and ended on August 13, 1994. At the time the data were collected, most of the respondents were 2 years out of high school. Table 2 summarizes the components of the different waves of the surveys.Table 2 OVERVIEW OF NELS NELS Components Grades included Cohort Base Year Spring term 1988 grade 8 students questionnaire, tests questionnaire questionnaire two teachers per student (taken from reading, mathematics, science, or social studies) First Follow-up Spring term 1990 modal grade = sophomore students, dropouts questionnaire, tests none questionnaire two teachers per student (taken from reading, mathematics, science, or social studies) Second Follow-up Spring term 1992 modal grade = senior students, dropouts questionnaire, tests, H. S.transcripts questionnaire q uestionnaire one teacher per student (taken from mathematics or science). triplet Follow-up Spring 1994 H. S. + 2 years all individuals questionnaire none none none Parents Principals Teachers B. NPSAS DATA Because the NELS database does not contain detailed information on financial aid, the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) database is used to supplement our study with additional financial aid information. This database is used to predict financial aid for the respondents in NELS based on demographic and other characteristics that are available in both databases.NPSAS is constructed specifically to provide information on financing of postsecondary education, so it is a good candidate for this use. This database surveys a nationally representative sample of undergraduate, graduate, and first-professional students attending less than 2-year, 2-year, 4-year, and doctoral granting institutions. Both students who receive and those who do not receive financial aid are surv eyed. SECTION III. DATA 12 MATHTECH, INC. The 1993 NPSAS study collected information on more than 78,000 undergraduate and graduate students at about 1,100 institutions.To be eligible, students must have been enrolled between May 1, 1992 and April 30, 1993 at a postsecondary institution in the United States or Puerto Rico. The students had to be enrolled in courses for credit, and in a program of 3 months or longer. Also eligible for inclusion were students who received a bachelors degree between July 1, 1992 and June 30, 1993. Students who were enrolled in a GED program or who were also enrolled in high school were not included. C. SAMPLE AND WEIGHTS Of the 14,915 respondents in the third NELS follow-up, 13,120 are represented in all four waves of the NELS data.The remaining 1,795 respondents are either first follow-up freshened students,4 second follow-up freshened students,5 base-year ineligibles,6 or base-year eligible students who declined to move into in one or more of the su rvey waves, but who did participate in the third survey wave. The breakdown of these 1,795 respondents is as follows 501 first follow-up freshened students, 102 second follow-up freshened students, 271 base-year ineligibles, and 921 base-year eligibles with missing survey waves.To take advantage of the longitudinal constitution of the NELS data and to be consistent across models and issues in the report, we focus our work on the sample of 13,120 respondents represented in all four waves of the NELS data. Consequently, the weight used in our analyses, (F3PNLWT) applies to sample members who completed questionnaires in all four rounds of NELS88. As a result, the longitudinal analyses that we conduct, and the estimates that are produced in this study can only be used to make projections to the population of spring 1988 eighth graders.In the descriptive tables, all percentages are weighted using F3PNLWT, including the analyses with the high school transcript data. Those who were tenth graders in 1990 but were not in the base-year sampling frame, either because they were not in the country or because they were not in the eighth grade in the spring term of 1988. Those who were 12th graders in 1992 but were not in either the base year or first follow-up sampling frames, either because they were not in the country or because they were not in the eighth (10th) grade in the spring term of 1988 (1990).6 5 4 Students excluded in 1988 due to linguistic, mental, or physical obstacles to participation. 13 SECTION III. DATA MATHTECH, INC. This sample includes dropouts, since the purpose of this study is to examine the overall question of what characteristics of eighth graders in 1988 are related to PSE attendance. We focus on early indicators, such as educational expectations and course-taking behavior in the eighth grade, and not on the pipeline of high school experiences that a dropout would lack access to.However, the dropouts were not asked the same set of survey questi ons as the other respondents, and, therefore, some of the analysis does not include dropouts. For each of our tables or figures, we note whether or not the dropouts are included in the analysis. D. CORRECTED STANDARD ERRORS Because NELS data are collected through a multi-stage sampling scheme, computing of standard errors through standard methods can understate these errors. The sampling technique used in NELS is a excerpt of schools, and then within schools, a selection of students.With this sampling method, the observations of different students may not be independent from one another. Stata, the statistical software used for analysis in this report, corrects the standard errors for these sampling techniques. chuck out for multinomial logit models, for which this correction is not available, survey correction techniques are used, and we note whenever the corrections are not used. However, we have found that such corrections do not have a large effect on our results, and therefo re, we present all results with confidence. E. VARIABLE DEFINITIONS.The appendix to this study contains definitions of the key variables used in our analysis. For each key variable, we describe how we constructed the variable and we list the names of the NELS variables used in the construction. SECTION III. DATA 14 MATHTECH, INC. IV. WHO GOES TO COLLEGE? A. WHAT PROPORTION OF STUDENTS ATTEND COLLEGE, AND WHAT TYPE OF COLLEGE DID THEY ATTEND? We begin our analysis by examining the demographics of postsecondary school choice and discussing our main findings regarding college attendance rates and types of postsecondary education (PSE) attended.As shown in Table 3, a majority of 1988 eighth graders attend some type of PSE by 1994. Overall, 62. 7 percent of the respondents attend PSE. (Note that in all of the tables in this report, all percentages are weighted. ) Students are most likely to attend a 4-year public or a less than 4-year public school. Approximately 24 percent of the studen ts attend each of these types of schools. Next most common are 4-year private schools. Just over 11 percent of the respondents attend 4-year private schools.Only 4 percent of the respondents attend less than 4-year private schools. Thirty-seven percent of the respondents do not attend any type of PSE. Women are slightly more likely than men to attend PSE. While 60 percent of men attend PSE, 65 percent of women attend. Women are more likely than men to attend 4-year private schools and less than 4-year private schools. Native Americans, Blacks, and Hispanics are least likely to attend PSE and Asians and Pacific Islanders are most likely to attend PSE.Hispanics are most likely to attend less than 4year private schools. Students whose parents have higher education levels are much more likely to attend PSE. While only 33 percent of students whose parents have less than a high school education attend PSE, 90 percent of students whose parents have an advanced degree attend PSE. SECTION IV . WHO GOES TO COLLEGE? 15 MATHTECH, INC. Table 3 DEMOGRAPHICS OF POSTSECONDARY SCHOOL CHOICE1 No PSE 4-Year Public 4-Year Private.